Helenium amarum is a species of annual herb in the daisy family known by the common names yellowdicks, yellow sneezeweed, fiveleaf sneezeweed, and bitter sneezeweed. It is native to much of the south-central United States (Texas, Oklahoma, Louisiana, Arkansas, New Mexico) and northern Mexico (Chihuahua, Coahuila), and it is present elsewhere in North America, Australia, and the West Indies as an introduced species.
Helenium amarum is a multibranched bushy erect plant reaching 20 to 70 centimeters (8-28 inches) in height and thickly foliated in narrow to threadlike leaves. The tops of stem branches hold inflorescences of many daisy-like flower heads. Each head has a rounded center of sometimes as many as 250 golden yellow disc florets and a fringe of 8-10 usually lighter yellow ray florets which are reflexed away from the center. The fruit is a tiny achene about a millimeter long. This herb is weedy in some areas.
The plant is somewhat toxic to mammals and insects due to the presence of the lactone tenulin.
Varieties1011- Helenium amarum var. amarum - United States
- Helenium amarum var. badium Waterf. - Oklahoma, Texas, Chihuahua, Coahuila
External links
- Jepson Manual Treatment
- United States Department of Agriculture Plants Profile
- Calphotos Photo gallery, University of California
- Photo of herbaruim specimen at Missouri Botanical Garden, collected in Mississippi in 2007
- Illinois Wildflowers
- Go Botany, New England Wildflower Society
- Discover Life
References
"Helenium amarum". County-level distribution map from the North American Plant Atlas (NAPA). Biota of North America Program (BONAP). 2014. http://bonap.net/MapGallery/County/Helenium%20amarum.png ↩
Bierner, Mark W. (2006). "Helenium amarum". In Flora of North America Editorial Committee (ed.). Flora of North America North of Mexico (FNA). Vol. 21. New York and Oxford: Oxford University Press – via eFloras.org, Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, MO & Harvard University Herbaria, Cambridge, MA. http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=242416623 ↩
"Helenium amarum". County-level distribution map from the North American Plant Atlas (NAPA). Biota of North America Program (BONAP). 2014. http://bonap.net/MapGallery/County/Helenium%20amarum.png ↩
Turner, B. L. 2013. The comps of Mexico. A systematic account of the family Asteraceae (chapter 11: tribe Helenieae). Phytologia Memoirs 16: 1–100. ↩
Tropicos, specimen listing for Helenium amarum (Raf.) H. Rock http://www.tropicos.org/Name/2700849?tab=specimens ↩
Queensland Government, Department of Agriculture and Fisheries, Bitter weed (Helenium amarum) https://www.daf.qld.gov.au/plants/weeds-pest-animals-ants/weeds/a-z-listing-of-weeds/photo-guide-to-weeds/bitter-weed ↩
Bierner, Mark W. (2006). "Helenium amarum". In Flora of North America Editorial Committee (ed.). Flora of North America North of Mexico (FNA). Vol. 21. New York and Oxford: Oxford University Press – via eFloras.org, Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, MO & Harvard University Herbaria, Cambridge, MA. http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=242416623 ↩
Ivie, G. W., et al. (1975). Toxicity and milk bittering properties of tenulin, the major sesquiterpene lactone constituent of Helenium amarum (bitter sneezeweed). J Agric Food Chem 23:5 845-9. ↩
Arnason, J. T., et al. (1987). Mode of action of the sesquiterpene lactone, tenulin, from Helenium amarum against herbivorous insects. J Nat Prod 50:4 690-5. ↩
"Helenium amarum". The Plant List. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Note that this website has been superseded by World Flora Online http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/search?q=Helenium+amarum ↩
Bierner, Mark W. (2006). "Helenium amarum". In Flora of North America Editorial Committee (ed.). Flora of North America North of Mexico (FNA). Vol. 21. New York and Oxford: Oxford University Press – via eFloras.org, Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, MO & Harvard University Herbaria, Cambridge, MA. http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=242416623 ↩